Tinea corporis intrafamilial infection in pets due to Microsporum canis.

Microsporum canis, one of the most widespread dermatophytes worldwide, is a zoonotic microorganism that transmits infection from reservoirs such as cats and dogs to humans. This microorganism is associated with Tinea corporis and other clinical manifestations; however, few studies have used genetic surveillance to determine and characterize the process of zoonotic transmission. In this study, we show a clear example of zoonotic transmission from a cat to an intrafamilial environment, where it caused Tinea corporis by infection with M. canis. Molecular characterization using the b-tubulin gene and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis made it possible to determine that the six isolates of M. canis obtained in this study belonged to the same genetic variant or clone responsible for reservoir-reservoir or reservoir-human transmission.

Whole genome characterization of Trichophyton indotineae isolated in Singapore.

Complete genome sequences from two Trichophyton indotineae isolates were obtained from a 23-year-old male presenting with tinea cruris after an overseas recreational water exposure and from a 53-year-old female patient with unknown travel history. Analysis of the squalene epoxidase gene and the cyp51 gene family showed an absence of mutations, correlating with phenotypic drug susceptibility. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) distance between both isolates was 92. Within the T. indotineae cluster, SNPs ranged from 7 to 182, suggesting a high genetic relatedness with other South Asian isolates. This study suggests that the prevalence of T. indotineae is under-reported and more widespread than previously thought.

Trichophyton indotineae, is a fungus causing difficult to treat ringworm infections. Two isolates were sequenced and their relationship and to other isolates was characterized. We also studied the genes responsible for first-line antifungal treatment.

Identification of Familial Infections Using Multilocus Microsatellite Typing in Tinea Corporis due to Microsporum canis.

Microsporum canis is a type of dermatophyte that causes zoonotic dermatophytosis in cats and dogs. We report three cases of tinea corporis due to M. canis from a single household with a domestic cat as a pet. The cases included a woman in her thirties (mother), a girl in her teens (older sister), and a girl in her teens (younger sister). Following sudden hair loss in the domestic cat, annular erythema with pruritus and scales appeared on the face, neck, and limbs of the older sister, younger sister, and mother, sequentially; they subsequently visited our hospital. Potassium hydroxide direct microscopy revealed filamentous fungi on all three women. In addition, short-haired colonies with a white to yellowish-white color and extending in a radial manner were found in cultures using a flat plate agar medium. A slide culture with the same medium indicated pointed spindle-shaped macroconidia with 7-8 septa. Therefore, the cases were diagnosed as tinea corporis due to M. canis. Genetic analysis of the cells of the cat and the mother, older sister, and younger sister using multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) indicated that all cases were classified into the same genotype, suggesting that the transmission route of these cases was familial. Here, we show that MLMT is useful in identifying the infection route in cases of tinea corporis due to M. canis.

Multi-drug resistance Trichophyton indotineae in a stray dog.

A 2.5-year-old stray dog showed signs of hair loss, mild skin crusting, and redness on extremities and trunk. The etiologic agent was confirmed as Trichophyton indotineae by sequencing of ITS region. Using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M38-A3) guideline, antifungal susceptibility testing showed multidrug resistance phenotype against terbinafine (16 µg/mL-1), itraconazole, and some other tested antifungals (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC≥16 µg/mL-1). However, luliconazole was found to be active in- vitro (0.016 µg/mL-1). Upon further studies, sequencing of SQLE gene showed an amino acids substitution of Phe397Leu and Ala448Thr, which is potentially linked to terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton species.

Survey of Common Infectious Diseases in Urban Foxes (Vulpes spp.) in Southeastern Iran.

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is one of the most common species of wild Canidae and is relatively abundant in Iran. Foxes (Vulpes spp.) transmit many zoonotic diseases, the most important of which are visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, hydatidosis, toxocariasis, and trichinellosis. In this study, visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, ectoparasites, canine gastrointestinal helminths, dermatophytosis, distemper, parvovirus infection, and heartworm infections were evaluated among live-trapped and rescued foxes injured by traffic road accidents referred to the teaching hospital of Kerman, Iran, veterinary faculty. Skin scraping and direct microscopic examination were used to detect ectoparasites and dermatophytosis. Immunochromatography rapid kits were used to detect dirofilariasis, parvovirus infection, and distemper. Necropsy was used to check for gastrointestinal parasites. Rabies and visceral leishmaniosis were screened for with direct fluorescent antibody test and ELISA methods, respectively. Gastrointestinal helminth infections, including Toxocara canis, Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoids, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia hydatigena, Echinococcus granulosus, Rictolaria spp., Oxynema spp., Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, and Physaloptera spp., were detected. Skin scrapings showed dermatophytosis and various ectoparasites, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis, and Sarcoptes scabiei, in foxes with dermal lesions. Distemper and parvovirus infection (26.66%) were the common viral diseases, and rabies infection rate was quite high (16.66%). Dirofilariasis and leishmaniasis were detected in 10% of the population. This study showed that urban foxes which often cohabit with humans and domestic animals are carriers of many different pathogens. This interaction may facilitate indirect cross-species transmission of zoonotic disease. Periodic health monitoring and multidisciplinary cooperation for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of these zoonoses is highly recommended.

Dermatophytosis is uncommon in asymptomatic wild eastern cottontail rabbits in Illinois, Midwestern United States.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of dermatophytes on the haircoat of wild eastern cottontail rabbits (ECR) (Sylvilagus floridanus) with and without skin lesions. ANIMALS: 2-week-old or older ECR admitted to a Wildlife Medical Clinic (WMC) in central Illinois, Midwest United States, from September 2021 to August 2022. METHODS: ECR were surveyed over a 1-year period to assess the prevalence and seasonality of dermatophytosis. A Wood's lamp exam was performed over the haircoat. Hairs were sampled with a sterile toothbrush and plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The plates were photographed twice weekly for 3 weeks, and colonies were identified as contaminants or dermatophytes. RESULTS: 523 ECR were admitted to WMC, 141 ECR met the age inclusion criteria, and 121 samples were plated. ECR presented as a litter were sampled together. None of the sampled ECR presented skin lesions other than acute traumatic wounds. No fluorescence was observed on any ECR during the Wood's lamp examination. Based on culture colony morphology, 115/121 of the samples were identified as contaminants and no growth was observed in 6/121 of plates. Dermatophytes' colonies were not identified on any of the culture plates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dermatophytes are zoonotic fungi and can potentially be carried by wild animals. The fungal infection poses a health concern to humans and domestic pets through direct interaction. Our current results suggest that dermatophytosis may not be prevalent in asymptomatic wild rabbits in the studied areas of the Midwestern United States.

PCR-based methods in detection and identification of dermatophytes in dogs and cats with suspected dermatophytosis in 2021 in Poland.

Dermatophytes from Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton genera are divided into geophilic, zoophilic and anthropophilic species which cause skin infection in humans and wide group of animals, mainly mammals. Main species causing dermatophytosis in dogs and cats are Microsporum and Trichophyton. Conventional mycological diagnostic technique includes Saburaud Dextrose Agar (SAD) and others medium cultures, 10% KOH mount and direct microscopy of hairs and scraping. Molecular diagnostic become more frequent in veterinary practice due to shortening of waiting time. In this study we based on two PCR methods. The nested PCR amplified CHS1 gene for dermatophytes detection, and multiplex PCR coding ITS1 and ITS2 fragments for species identification of detected derpatophytes. Most frequently detected species was Microsporum canis, mainly in young cats. Geophilic Microsporum gypseum and anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum was found primarily in dogs. Molecular methods in dermatophytosis identification are rapid in contrast to routinely, long lasting culture.

Nannizzia species causing dermatophytosis in cats and dogs: First report of Nannizzia incurvata as an etiological agent in Brazil.

Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection, most commonly caused by fungal species such as Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea (Microsporum gypseum), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in dogs and cats. The zoonotic potential of these species is concerning, as companion animals are increasingly close to their owners. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the current prevalence of Nannizzia-causing canine and feline dermatophytosis in Curitiba and Metropolitan Region, as well as perform phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations of these isolates. Thus, 241 skin and fur samples from 163 dogs and 78 cats were analyzed from 2020 to 2021. The samples were obtained from animals of three sources: Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, animal shelters, and private clinics. The diagnosis was performed through phenotypic characterization and sequencing ITS rDNA region. Among 97 positive samples for dermatophytes, Nannizzia was identified in 14 (14.4%) samples, while other dermatophyte genera were found in the remaining 83 (85.6%) samples. Among the canine samples, nine (90%) were N. gypsea, and one (10%) was N. incurvata. Whereas in feline samples, three (75%) were N. gypsea, and one (25%) was N. incurvata. It was concluded that among 97 animals infected with dermatophytes, dogs (24.4%; 10/41) were significantly more affected by Nannizzia than cats (7.1%; 4/56) (P < .05). According to molecular analyses, the ITS rDNA region provided satisfactory results for species-level identification of Nannizzia, confirming the first report of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of canine and feline dermatophytosis in Brazil.

Nannizzia genus affected significantly more dogs (24.4%) than cats (7.1%) (P < .05). The ITS rDNA exhibited higher accuracy for identifying dermatophytes compared to phenotypic diagnosis, allowing the confirmation of the first reports of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats in Brazil.

The development and use of an inactivated vaccine against animals trichophytosis.

Background: The annual increase in the number of camels entails a parallel increase in the incidence of trichophytosis, which poses a great threat to the health and life of both this species of animals and other organisms that contact and surround them. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop and establish the quality of vaccines inactivated by ultrasonic exposure for the prevention and treatment of trichophytosis in camels, and to compare them with chemically deactivated vaccines. Methods: The peculiarity of the technology of production of these vaccines was the use of an innovative method of inactivation of fungal strains by ultrasonic waves, which allowed to achieve high positive results in theory, and was subsequently confirmed in practice by immunizing sick and healthy animals. The first tests of the obtained vaccines were conducted in laboratory conditions on experimental rabbits. Results: The results of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations were one hundred percent positive, which made it possible to conduct further tests directly on camels of industrial farms, the expected result of which was also positively confirmed at the end of the research. Conclusion: As a result of this experiment, the effectiveness, stability, and safety of the manufactured vaccines were established, which made it possible to approve the regulatory and technical documentation and patent them as an innovative and effective development for the prevention and treatment of camel trichophytosis, which will reduce the growth of infection and further overcome the mass spread of the disease both among camels and among the surrounding organisms to which it is transmitted.

Sheep serve as a reservoir of Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype V infection.

Human infections by Trichophyton mentagrophytes occur mainly due to contact with diseased animals. In Iran, T. mentagrophytes genotype V is the most prevalent variant of the fungus. We aimed to determine the animal reservoir of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection. The study was done on a total of 577 dermatophyte strains obtained from animals with signs of dermatophytosis and human patients. The list of extensively sampled animals included sheep, cows, cats and dogs. For human cases, epidemiological data were collected. All dermatophyte isolates from animals along with 70 human isolates morphologically similar to T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes genotype V were identified by rDNA internal transcribed spacer region restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 334 animal dermatophyte strains were identified as Microsporum canis, T. mentagrophytes genotype V, T. verrucosum, Nannizzia gypsea, T. mentagrophytes genotype II*, T. mentagrophytes genotype VII, T. quinckeanum, and N. fulva. All clinical isolates identified as T. mentagrophytes genotype V originated from skin and scalp infections. Almost all veterinary isolates of T. mentagrophytes genotype V were cultured from sheep, but epidemiological data on animal-to-human transmission of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection were limited and we found evidence in favor of interhuman transmission. In Iran, sheep maintain T. mentagrophytes genotype V population and therefore serve as animal reservoir of respective infections. The role of sheep as the source of human dermatophytosis due to T. mentagrophytes genotype V isolates is yet to be proven.

In this study, we sampled a variety of animals to determine a reservoir of Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype V infection. With the use of molecular identification techniques, we show that this infection reservoir is represented by sheep.

Dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in organic pigs.

BACKGROUND: Dermatophytosis (ringworm) caused by members of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex is rarely diagnosed in pigs but has been recognized as an increasingly common infection in humans. Further, resistance to antifungal drugs have been reported both in Asia and in Europe. This is the first scientific report of infection by the T. mentagrophytes complex in pigs in the Nordic countries. CASE PRESENTATION: Skin lesions developed in grower pigs in an organic fattening pig farm with outdoor production and following laboratory analyses, dermatophytosis caused by members of the T. mentagrophytes complex was diagnosed. Infection was linked to poor hygiene, high humidity, and moderate outdoor temperatures, in combination with high pig density. A farm worker developed a skin lesion after close contact with affected pigs, which highlighted the zoonotic potential of porcine dermatophytosis. The dermatophytes may have originated from the herd supplying the growers where similar lesions occurred in pigs. Further, pigs from another organic fattening herd that received growers from the same supplier herd also developed dermatophytosis. The lesions healed without treatment as the housing conditions were improved. Isolation of affected pigs prevented spread to other pigs CONCLUSION: Members of the T. mentagrophytes complex can cause ringworm in pigs. The fungi probably persist in the haircoat and may cause overt disease when environmental conditions promote growth of mycelia.

Defining the relationship between phylogeny, clinical manifestation, and phenotype for Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale complex; a literature review and taxonomic recommendations.

This study looked for correlations between molecular identification, clinical manifestation, and morphology for Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. For this purpose, a total of 110 isolates were obtained from Czech patients with various clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis. Phenotypic characters were analyzed, and the strains were characterized using multilocus sequence typing. Among the 12 measured/scored phenotypic features, statistically significant differences were found only in growth rates at 37 °C and in the production of spiral hyphae, but none of these features is diagnostic. Correlations were found between T. interdigitale and higher age of patients and between clinical manifestations such as tinea pedis or onychomychosis. The MLST approach showed that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotyping of T. mentagrophytes isolates has limited practical benefits because of extensive gene flow between sublineages. Based on our results and previous studies, there are few taxonomic arguments for preserving both species names. The species show a lack of monophyly and unique morphology. On the other hand, some genotypes are associated with predominant clinical manifestations and sources of infections, which keep those names alive. This practice is questionable because the use of both names confuses identification, leading to difficulty in comparing epidemiological studies. The current identification method using ITS genotyping is ambiguous for some isolates and is not user-friendly. Additionally, identification tools such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry fail to distinguish these species. To avoid further confusion and to simplify identification in practice, we recommend using the name T. mentagrophytes for the entire complex. When clear differentiation of populations corresponding to T. interdigitale and Trichophyton indotineae is possible based on molecular data, we recommend optionally using a variety rank: T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes var. indotineae.

Species in the T. mentagrophytes complex lack support from usual taxonomic methods and simple identification tools are missing or inaccurate. To avoid recurring confusions, we propose naming the entire complex as T. mentagrophytes and optionally use rank variety to classify the observed variability.

Molecular detection and species identification of dermatophytes by SYBR-Green real-time PCR in-house methodology using hair samples obtained from dogs and cats.

The classical dermatophytes diagnosis is based on mycological culture and microscopy observation both human and animal hair, skin, and nail samples. The aim of this work was to develop the new in-house real-time PCR with pan-dematophyte reaction for detection and identification of the main dermatophytes directly from hair samples, providing a simple and rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. An in-house SYBR-Green real-time PCR was designed and used for detecting a DNA fragment encoding chitin synthase 1 (CHS1). A total of 287 samples were processed by culture, microscopic examination with KOH 10%, and real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Melting curve analysis of the CHS1 fragment revealed to be reproducible, showing a single distinct peak for each species of dermatophyte, namely Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, Microsporum canis, and Nannizzia gypsea (formerly M. gypseum). Then, out of the 287 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis, 50% were positive for dermatophytes by qPCR, 44% by mycological culture, and 25% by microscopic examination. Microsporum canis was identified in 117 samples tested by culture and 134 samples tested by qPCR, followed by N. gypsea in 5 samples (either tested by culture or qPCR) and T. mentagrophytes detected in 4 and 5 samples when tested by culture or qPCR, respectively. Overall, qPCR allowed the diagnosis of dermatophytosis in clinical samples. The results suggest this newly proposed in-house real-time PCR assay can be used as alternative diagnosis and rapid identification of dermatophytes frequently associated to clinical hair samples of dogs and cats.

The aim of this work was to develop a molecular detection strategy for dermatophytes by SYBR-Green real-time PCR of hair samples from animals. The melting curve analysis of the CHS1 fragment revealed to be reproducible, showing a single distinct peak for distinct dermatophyte species and allowed the diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats caused mainly by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum sp., and Nannizzia gypsea).

Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex: A retrospective study of 64 dogs from the Central United States (1997-2020).

BACKGROUND: There are limited clinical studies evaluating the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex, with most reports confined to small case studies. Additionally, the studies are dated and provide limited information on response to newer or currently available therapies. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine if there is a breed prevalence, lesion distribution and seasonality associated with the T. mentagrophytes complex for dogs evaluated in the central United States. An additional aim of the study was to evaluate response to therapies because there are minimal data available on clinical response with newer systemic antifungal drugs. ANIMALS: A total of 64 canine medical records were evaluated that had a previous diagnosis of T. mentagrophytes complex infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of medical records to evaluate signalment, time of onset of clinical signs, clinical presentation and therapeutic management. RESULTS: A higher incidence of T. mentagrophytes complex infection was observed in the American Kennel Club (AKC) Sporting group (43%) and Terrier group (20%). A seasonal influence was noted, with the onset of clinical signs being highest in October. Lesions most often affected the muzzle (48%), followed by the head excluding the pinnae (21%). Ketoconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine appeared equivalent as systemic therapeutic options to treat T. mentagrophytes complex infections. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study identified patterns in breeds, seasonality and lesion distribution for the T. mentagrophytes complex in dogs from the central United States. Additionally, the study found several reasonable and reliable treatment options for systemic therapy.

Dermatologic Diseases of Four-Toed Hedgehogs.

Dermatologic diseases are frequently diagnosed in the four-toed hedgehog. Common clinical signs include spine loss, scales and crusts, pruritus, alopecia, and masses. Caparinia tripilis, family Psoroptidae, is the most common mite affecting hedgehogs, and is diagnosed via light microscopy. Dermatophytosis from Trichophyton erinacei infection is a common zoonotic dermatologic disease in pet hedgehogs. Diagnosis is through fungal culture. Neoplasia is another major cause of dermatologic diseases in four-toed hedgehogs. The diagnostic approach typically begins with a fine-needle aspirate but often requires a biopsy for a definitive diagnosis.

Molecular study of feline dermatophytosis and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene expression in their lesions.

BACKGROUND: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the recognition of pathogenic fungal structures induce the secretion of cytokines by immune systems. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 are the main PRRs that recognize fungal components. AIM: The present study aimed to assess the presence of dermatophyte species in symptomatic cats in a region of Iran and to investigate the expression of TLR-2 and 4 in cat lesions with dermatophytosis. METHODS: A total of 105 cats suspected of dermatophytosis with skin lesions were examined. Samples were analysed by direct microscopy using potassium hydroxide (20%) and culture on Mycobiotic agar. Dermatophytes strains were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and then sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region. Also, for pathology and real-time PCR studies, skin biopsies were taken by sterile single-use biopsy punch from active ringworm lesions. RESULTS: Dermatophytes were found in 41 felines. Based on the sequencing of all strains, Microsporum canis (80.48%, p < 0.05), Microsporum gypseum (17.07%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.43%) were the dermatophytes isolated from cultures. Cats under 1 year (78.04%) revealed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (p < 0.05). Gene expression by real-time PCR revealed the increased TLR-2 and 4 mRNA levels in skin biopsies of cats with dermatophytosis. CONCLUSIONS: M. canis is the most prevalent dermatophyte species isolated from feline dermatophytosis lesions. Increased expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNAs in cat skin biopsies suggests that these receptors are involved in the immune response by recognizing dermatophytosis.

Descriptive epidemiology of dermatophytosis in rodents.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes. OBJECTIVES: Since the epidemiology of diseases revolves over time, this research studies the incidence of dermatophytosis among rodents referred to mycology laboratory during 2019-2021. METHODS: A total of 163 rodents including rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters suspecting having dermatophytosis were sampled by scraping lesions. Direct microscopic examination, culture, and polymerase chain reaction were done for diagnosis of dermatophytosis and identification of the etiologic agent. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that 37.4% of rodents were involved with dermatophytosis, among which 41.13% of rabbits, 25% of guinea pigs, and 26.3% of hamsters were included. Microsporum canis (52.7%) was the most isolated agent. Incidence of dermatophytosis was higher in female in rabbits while in hamsters and guinea pigs male were mostly infected. Rodents less than 6 months were more susceptible for dermatophytosis except for hamsters in which 6-12 months animals had a higher prevalence. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it is significant to update our knowledge about the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in rodents and other animals every few years to define valid preventive strategies. Moreover, since dermatophytes are contagious and zoonotic, it is also a priority to apply preventing methods for dermatophytosis and treat infected rodents with appropriate antifungal agents to decrease the risk of infection.

Comparative assessment of regulated methods and PCR in the diagnosis of trichophytosis in veterinary mycology.

Background: There is an increase in the incidence of human and animal infectious skin diseases of fungal etiology in the world. The main source of infecting the population has become agricultural and stray animals. Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the morphophysiological and microbiological characteristics of pathogenic fungi belonging to the species Trichophyton verrucosum. This species is known to cause diseases in both humans and livestock in Kazakhstan. In addition, the study aimed to assess the feasibility of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting T. verrucosum. This assessment was conducted in comparison to the outcomes of conventional laboratory diagnostic tests commonly employed for trichophytosis. Methods: The research focused on analyzing 141 samples of pathological material obtained from calves in Almaty, Turkestan, and Kyzylorda regions. These calves exhibited clinical symptoms of skin disease. The study aimed to identify the causative agent using various techniques, including microscopic examination, microbiological methods involving the isolation of pure cultures, and PCR. Results: The detection of the causative agent of dermatophytosis using conventional methods was relatively low, 86% for the microscopic method, and 79% for the microbiological method with the isolation of the culture of the pathogen. Extraction and detection of the genetic material of the causative agent of the disease for PCR was carried out according to the method developed by the authors. The effectiveness of the PCR method was 97.9%, which is significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the diagnostic effectiveness of conventional methods. The PCR method using specific primers identified the causative agent in 98% of cases, which significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded the results obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. Accordingly, the PCR method had better sensitivity and specificity indicators. Conclusion: The conducted study recommends the method of PCR diagnosis of dermatophytosis for fast and reliable confirmation of the diagnosis of dermatophytosis in humans and animals in Kazakhstan.

Exposure to itraconazole influences the susceptibility to antifungals, physiology, and virulence of Trichophyton interdigitale.

Dermatophytosis is the most common human skin infection worldwide caused by dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum. Itraconazole (ITZ) is one of the main antifungals used to treat these infections. However, especially for onychomycosis, the treatment requires long-term regimens, increasing the possibility of drug resistance. We evaluated the effects of ITZ in the physiology, virulence, and interaction of T. interdigitale with phagocytes and mice cutaneous infection. In a screening test, fungal growth in the presence of ITZ led to the spontaneous selection of less susceptible T. interdigitale and T. rubrum strains. Interestingly, this phenotype was permanent for some T. interdigitale strains. Then, we studied three T. interdigitale strains: one susceptible and two ITZ-adapted. The ITZ-adapted strains were also less susceptible to the cell wall and membrane stressors, suggesting a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype associated with the increased ERG11 and MDR3 expression. These strains also presented substantial alterations in ergosterol content, lipid peroxidation, biofilm, and extracellular matrix production. During interaction with macrophages, ITZ-adapted strains were less engulfed but increased the intracellular oxidative and nitrosative bursts. In addition, ITZ-adapted strains presented a reduced ability to grow in a murine model of dermatophytosis, although causing the same tissue damage as the parental strain. In conclusion, the T. interdigitale ITZ adaptation increases tolerance to antifungals and alters the interaction with macrophages and a mammalian host. We hypothesized that successive exposure to ITZ may influence the emergence of adapted strains and lead to the recalcitrance of dermatophytosis.

The efficacy of a novel topical spray composed of sodium benzoate, alcohol and botanical oils for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs - a split body, randomised, blinded study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of Malassezia pachydermatis dermatitis can be performed by systemic or topical route. As M. pachydermatis is located on the stratum corneum, topical therapy alone may be sufficient to resolve the infection. Owing to systemic antifungal resistance and adverse effects, topical treatment alone may improve treatment outcome. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a topical spray composed of sodium benzoate, alcohol and botanical oils, compared to a shampoo containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 2% miconazole nitrate for the treatment of Malassezia pachydermaitis dermatitis in dogs. ANIMALS: Sixteen client owned dogs diagnosed with symmetrical interdigital lesions as a result of secondary Malassezia dermatitis. METHODS: The study design was prospective, randomised and single-blinded, using a split body protocol. Malassezia yeasts were determined by cytology at the inclusion day (day0) and after treatment (day14). All dogs were treated during 14 days with both shampoo at one paw and spray on the other paw. RESULTS: At day 14 a reduction of Malassezia dermatitis was shown at both paws. No statistical difference was demonstrated between treatment with shampoo or spray. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We could not show a difference in efficacy between application of the test spray once daily and the topical use of 2%miconazole/2%chlorhexidine shampoo every other day. No adverse effects were reported.

Contexte - Le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia peut être réalisé par voie systémique ou topique. Comme M. pachydermatis est situé sur la couche cornée, un traitement topique seul peut suffire à résoudre l'infection. En raison de résistance antifongique systémique et d'effets indésirables, le traitement topique seul peut améliorer les résultats du traitement. Hypothèses/Objectifs - Évaluer l'efficacité d'un spray topique composé de benzoate de sodium, d'alcool et d'huiles végétales, par rapport à un shampooing contenant 2 % de gluconate de chlorhexidine et 2 % de nitrate de miconazole pour le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien. Animaux - Seize chiens appartenant à des clients ont reçu un diagnostic de lésions interdigitées symétriques à la suite d'une dermatite à Malassezia secondaire. Méthodes - La conception de l'étude était prospective, randomisée et en simple aveugle. Les levures Malassezia ont été évaluées par cytologie au jour de l'inclusion (jour0) et après traitement (jour14). Tous les chiens ont été traités pendant 14 jours avec du shampooing sur une patte et un spray sur l'autre patte. Résultats - Au jour 14, une réduction de la dermatite à Malassezia a été observée aux deux pattes. Aucune différence statistique n'a été mise en évidence entre le traitement shampooing ou spray. Conclusions et importance clinique - Nous n'avons pas pu montrer de différence d'efficacité entre l'application du spray test une fois par jour et l'utilisation topique du shampooing 2%miconazole/2%chlorhexidine tous les deux jours. Aucun effet indésirable n'a été signalé.

Introducción- el tratamiento de la dermatitis por Malassezia pachydermatis se puede realizar por vía sistémica o tópica. Como M. pachydermatis se encuentra en el estrato córneo, la terapia tópica sola puede ser suficiente para resolver la infección. Debido a la resistencia antifúngica sistémica y los efectos adversos, el tratamiento tópico podría mejorar los resultados terapeúticos. Hipótesis/Objetivos - Evaluar la eficacia de un spray tópico compuesto por Benzoato de Sodio, alcohol y aceites botánicos, en comparación con un champú que contiene gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% y nitrato de miconazol al 2% para el tratamiento de la dermatitis por M. Paquydermatis en perros. Animales- dieciséis perros de propietarios particulares diagnosticados con lesiones interdigitales simétricas como resultado de una dermatitis secundaria por Malassezia. Métodos- el diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, al azar y simple ciego, utilizando un protocolo de cuerpo dividido. La presencia de levaduras Malassezia se determinó mediante citología el día de inclusión (día 0) y después del tratamiento (día 14). Todos los perros fueron tratados durante 14 días con champú en una pata y spray en la otra pata. Resultados- en el día 14 se mostró una reducción de la dermatitis por Malassezia en ambas patas. No se demostró diferencia estadística entre el tratamiento con champú o spray. Conclusiones e importancia clínica- no pudimos demostrar una diferencia en la eficacia entre la aplicación del aerosol a prueba una vez al día y el uso tópico de champú con miconazol al 2%/clorhexidina al 2% en días alternos. No se detectaron efectos adversos.

Contexto - O tratamento da dermatite por Malassezia pachydermatis pode ser realizado por via sistêmica ou tópica. Como a M. pachydermatis fica localizada no estrato córneo, a terapia tópica unicamente pode ser suficiente para resolver a infecção. Devido à resistência antifúngica e aos efeitos adversos, terapia tópica em monoterapia pode melhorar o resultado do tratamento. Hipótese/Objetivos - Avaliar a eficácia de um spray tópico contendo benzoato de sódio, álcool e óleos botânicos, comparado a um shampoo de gluconato de clorexidina a 2% e nitrato de miconazol a 2% para o tratamento de dermatite por Malassezia pachydermaitis em cães. Animais - Dezesseis cães de clientes diagnosticados com lesões interdigitais simétricas resultantes de infecção secundária por Malassezia. Métodos - O delineamento do estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado e simples-cego, utilizando um protocolo de corpo dividido. As leveduras identificadas como Malassezia foram determinadas por citologia no dia da inclusão (dia 0) e após o tratamento (dia 14). Todos os cães foram tratados por 14 dias com shampoo em uma pata e spray na outra. Resultados - No dia 14, observou-se um declínio na dermatite por Malassezia em ambas as patas. Não houve diferença estatística entre o tratamento com shampoo ou spray. Conclusões e importância clínica - Não pudemos encontrar diferenças na eficácia entre a aplicação do spray teste uma vez ao dia e o uso tópico de um shampoo contendo 2%miconazol/2%clorexidine em dias alternados. Não foram relatados efeitos adversos.